Chitosan at 1% and above achieved complete inhibition in spore germination of C. gloeosporioides after 74 h. The observations on CO2 concentration revealed that chitosan-treated papaya was significantly higher than the control 2 h after the treatment. The crosses between C. papaya × Vasconcellea quercifolia show some level of fertility and thus proved to be helpful in backcrossing programs, but the percent success is so low that closer relatives of this crop should be explored for crosses that are more resistant and tolerant. Subclass: Dilleniidae When seeds are planted from fruit of female plants, producers need to plant four plantlets per hole to guarantee about 6%–10% male flowers. Hence, a hermaphrodite crossing results in a 2:1 segregation of hermaphrodites to females. (2010) cloned and characterized a papaya chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase, CpCYC-b, from SunUp papaya cultivar. Eksotika II and also evaluated the influence of different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) of chitosan coatings on the gaseous exchange and quality attributes of the papaya fruit during cold storage. Chitosan at a concentration of 1% improved fruit firmness after ripening, protected the fruit from decay, and kept the fruit quality at an acceptable level (with 80% marketability) throughout the storage period. If moist conditions persist for a few hours, the conidia develop appressoria from which infection pegs penetrate the fruit skin. The foliage and the unripe fruits will ooze milky white latex if cut. These reports show that one leaf of the papaya plant of the Solo group provides photoassimilates for about four fruits, and one leaf of the Formosa papaya group provides photoassimilates for about three fruits. It is native to the tropics of the Americas but now is widely cultivated in other tropical regions of the world for its edible melon-like fruit, which is available throughout the year. Chitosan at 2% concentration with a droplet size of 200 nm showed the best results in terms of in vitro parameters on C. musae, while chitosan at the same concentration with 600 nm droplet size showed the best results in two isolates of C. gloeosporioides. In the USA, GEVR papayas were deregulated in 1998. It is important to point out that members of the Solo papaya group usually have less leaf area than members of the Formosa papaya group. For example, in Asian folk medicine, the latex is employed as an abortificient, antiseptic for wound dressing, and as a cure for dyspepsia [126]; while in Africa, the root infusion is reputed for treating venereal diseases, piles, and yaws [127]. [115] evaluated in vitro and in vivo the effect of different chitosan concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.0%) and aqueous extracts of custard apple leaves and papaya leaves and seeds (AEPS) on C. gloeosporioides development. The most significant treatment in reducing anthracnose was the combination of chitosan and ammonium carbonate with a disease severity index of 0, indicating complete absence of disease. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Under greenhouse conditions, at an average air temperature of 27°C, maximum light intensity (photosynthetic photon flux) of 1000 μmol m−2 s−1, and mean vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of 1 kPa, “Golden” papaya plants with adequate available soil water produce about three leaves per week (Lima, 2014). For instance, the SCAR primers, SCAR T12 and SCAR W11, amplify a hermaphrodite- or male-specific SCAR marker. Lethal yellowing is a disease caused by PLYV that occurs only in Northeastern Brazil; it is characterized by progressive leaf yellowing and greenish circular spots on the fruits. The percentage of anthracnose incidence was significantly controlled (5.6%) using 2.5% of calcium combined with chitosan. Papain, an enzyme used as a meat tenderizer, is extracted from the dried milky sap. The flowers are born on inflorescences which appear in the axils of the leaves (Hayes, 1945). Chitosan in the form of nanoemulsions showed better antifungal effects as compared to its conventional form. Chitosan at 1.5 and 2.0% concentrations showed a fungistatic effect with 90–100% inhibition of the fungal mycelial growth. The virus is very stable and can be detected in dried roots and leaves maintained for up to 120 days. Hewajulige et al. However, this process is inefficient in terms of time, and requires a high expenditure of water and mineral nutrients. This is a good example of how activists from wealthy countries have ruined the most sincere efforts by the Thai government and governments of other developing nations to introduce badly needed GEVR crops (Davidson, 2008). FIGURE 101.2. In the tropics, papaya can be harvested 8–9 months after sowing, and in the bred varieties, yield can be more than 100 t ha−1 year−1 (Chan, 2009). Among the developing countries, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Thailand are the largest papaya growing countries. Impact of PRSV-resistant cultivars, Rainbow and SunUp, on papaya production and economic returns are well documented (Fuchs and Gonsalves, 2007). Sivakumar et al. Papaya possesses recently evolved sex chromosomes. The fruits continue to ripen after picking. papaya cultivars have been developed to increase yield, fruit quality, and nutritional content. A papaya tree has got a hollow trunk, dark green or purple, with no branches except a few ones that are born at the top, reminding those of palms.The plant, when broken, exudes latex. S.-D. Yeh, ... W. Kositratana, in Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2014. The results indicated that 2.5% combined with 0.75% chitosan inhibited spore germination and significantly inhibited mycelial growth. The plants are grown from seed and are very fast-growing. S. cerevisiae var ellipsoids is the yeast normally used in the production of all wines (Okoro, 2007). Numbers of phenotypic variants are available within the species but it shows great incompatibility with other genera available in the family Caricaceae to which the genus Carica belongs, except for one or two species of Vasconcellea. Papaya Y chromosome has a male-specific region, which has undergone severe recombination suppression and DNA sequence degeneration (Liu et al., 2004; Ming et al., 2007). [121] elucidated the potential of 95% deacetylated chitosan coatings on the extension of the storage shelf life of cv. Unfortunately, virus infections seriously affect the quality and quantity of papaya production. Papaya (Carica papaya), auch Melonenbaum oder Papayabaum genannt, ist die einzige Art der Pflanzengattung Carica innerhalb der Familie der Melonenbaumgewächse (Caricaceae). Field conidial inocula of C. gloeosporioides originate from dying infected petioles of the lower leaves [112]. The genetic map revealed severe recombination around the sex-determination locus with 225 markers cosegregating with sex types. Hawaii Native Status: Introduced. This species is polygamous with three types of genders: male, female, or hermaphrodite plants. Carica papaya (Figure 6.4) is a herbaceous succulent plant popularly known as pawpaw, and belongs to the Caricaceae family. In other studies, Ganga et al. GEVR papayas were produced through integration of the entire or a truncated CP gene of PRSV. In other studies, chitin extracted from locally available prawn waste was used to prepare N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan. Results of the present study suggest that chitosan-loaded nanoemulsions were more effective in controlling disease, deferred the onset of disease symptoms, and trimmed down the disease progress. In various regions of the world, hermaphrodite papaya plants are the most grown in commercial plantations because they are more productive. They evaluated the antifungal activity, film-forming ability, and defense mechanism. Firmness was the physiological parameter most affected by the treatments. The leaves have long, hollow petioles (stalks) and are green, clustered at the stem tips, and deeply palmately lobed with 5 to 9 main lobes that are themselves pinnately lobed.